Introduction

REVIVING CARIBS: Indigeneity in Trinidad and Tobago and the Dialectic of Aboriginal Presence and Absence

PRESENCE AT THE INTERFACE

REPRESENTING THE CARIBS

THE CARIB COMMUNITY IN FOCUS

A Very Brief History of the Caribs

Organization and Goals

Caribs and the State

Caribs and Tradition

Labels and Self-Identification

Membership in the Carib Community

Expansion of Carib Cultural Practice

THE CARIB COMMUNITY IN CONTEXT

QUESTIONS OF ABSENCE, DEBATES OF PRESENCE

Indigeneity in a Globalized Caribbean

Between Absence and Presence

The Work of Cultural Brokers: Presence versus Being

Re-engineering and the Political Economy of Tradition

History and the Carib

The Concept of Tradition

The Concept of Indigeneity

IN THE FIELD

OVERVIEW OF CHAPTERS
 

Chapter One

CANONIZING THE CARIB: Colonial Political Economy and Indigeneity

INTRODUCTION: THE HISTORICAL (RE)CONSTRUCTION OF CARIBBEAN INDIGENEITY

THE COLONIAL CONSTRUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF ‘CANNIBAL’ CAPITAL

Classifying Caribs versus Arawaks, 1492-1498

Pearls, Gold, Tobacco, Slavery and the Early Colonial Value of Carib in Trinidad, Early 1500s to the Mid-1600s

Natives in the Early Re-Engineering of Indigeneity

Valiant Warriors, Worthy Allies, and Useful Spouses

The Undoing of Carib Power, the Making of the Mission Indian, and Cocoa in the Late 1600s-1700s

The Changing Political Economy of Ascription and Valuation of Indigeneity

CONCLUSION: COMMODIFICATION AND IDENTITY
 

Chapter Two

PLACING THE CARIB: The First Two Resurgences and the ‘Gens d’Arime’ in the Nineteenth Century

INTRODUCTION: PROCESSES OF PLACING THE CARIB

THE MISSION OF SANTA ROSA DE ARIMA AND THE RANKING OF THE AMERINDIAN

The Contemporary Politics of History

Instituting the Indian Mission of Arima

The Social Organization of the Mission of Arima

The ‘Racial Status’ of the Amerindian in Mission Times

Labels and the Mission Amerindians of Trinidad

SIR RALPH WOODFORD AND THE ‘FIRST RESURGENCE’ OF THE ARIMA AMERINDIAN COMMUNITY, 1813-1828

THE DEMISE OF THE MISSION OF ARIMA AND THE DISPOSSESSION OF THE AMERINDIANS

THE ‘SECOND RESURGENCE’ OF THE AMERINDIANS OF ARIMA, LATE 1800S-1920

The Cocoa Boom, 1870s-1920s

The Rise of the Cocoa Panyols: Amerindian Substitutes?

Amerindian Masking

Carib-Panyol Traditions and Popularized Depictions of the Amerindian

The Tradition of the Indian Mission and Inter-Elite Conflicts

Class Competition and Ethnic Differentiation

The Catholic Boom of the Late 1800s

The Emergence of the ‘Gens d’Arime’

The Late Colonial Romance of the Amerindian and the Institutionalization of the Encounter between Columbus and the Natives

CONCLUSION: AVAILABLE HISTORY
 

Chapter Three

WRITING THE CARIB: Debates on Trinidad Indigeneity from the 1800s through the 1900s

INTRODUCTION: READING FOR THE CARIBS

‘THE CARIB TRADITION’

‘PATHETIC PRIMITIVISM’: DEPICTIONS OF THE ‘INDIAN CHARACTER’ IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY

THE EXTINCT CARIB, THE MIXED CARIB, THE SPANISH CARIB

CREATING AN INTEREST IN THE CARIBS

THE CONTEMPORARY RE-INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE AMERINDIAN LEGACY

CONCLUSION: POSITIONING PERCEPTIONS OF PRESENCE
 

Chapter Four

NATIONALIZING THE CARIB: The Indigenous Anchor of a State in Search of a Nation

INTRODUCTION: “INDIGENATION”

“OUR AMERINDIAN ANCESTORS”: THE ARTICULATION OF THE CARIB IN THE SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL INDIGENEITY

NATIONALISM AND THE AMERINDIAN IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN

CONCLUSION: ARTICULATING AND VALUING THE CARIB
 

 Chapter Five

REPRODUCING THE CARIB LOCALLY: The Social Organisation of Indigenous Representation in Contemporary Trinidad and Tobago

INTRODUCTION: NETWORKED IDENTITY PRODUCTION

REFRACTED REPRESENTATIONS, CONTRASTING CONVENTIONS

The Network and its Burdens

Developing Locality: The Arima Borough Council

Developing Nationalism: The Carib Presence in the National Political System

Developing Awareness: The Carib Presence in the Media and Schools

Developing Commerce: Marketing the Carib

Contesting Mores: Sacred Caribs, Profane Caribs

BROKER OVERLOAD

PATER, PATRIA, PATRON

THE INVISIBLE CARIB?

CONCLUSION: THE BROKER-PATRON NETWORK
 

Chapter Six

REPRESENTING THE CARIB: Brokers, Events and Tradition

CARIB SELF-REPRESENTATIONS

Who is a Carib?

Costume and Custom

The National Indigene

Arimian Aboriginality

CARIBS AND THEIR CONCEPTS OF TRADITION

CEREMONIALS OF CARIB COMMEMORATION: THE SANTA ROSA FESTIVAL

An Introduction to the Performance of the Santa Rosa Festival

The Structure of the Festival as a Cultural History of Revival

The Legend of Santa Rosa

Santa Rosa’s Earthly Broker: the Queen of the Caribs

Consuming the Labor of Caribs

Ritual, Ceremoniality, and Commemorated Caribs

RITUALS OF RETRIEVAL: THE SHAMAN’S SMOKE
 

Chapter Seven

GLOBALIZING THE CARIB: Solidarity, Legitimacy and Networked Indigeneity

INTRODUCTION: SITUATING CARIB INDIGENEITY WITHIN PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION

LOCAL-GLOBAL DYNAMICS: THEORIZING THE INDIGENOUS IN THE CARIBBEAN

FROM CARIB TO FIRST NATIONS: THE SRCC AND INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS OF INDIGENOUS REVIVAL

THE REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ARTICULATION OF THE NEW CARIBBEAN INDIGENEITY

CONCLUSION: GLOBALIZATION AND INDIGENEITY
 

Conclusion

RE-ENGINEERING INDIGENEITY